NUR 631 Midterm Exam (Version 2)

NUR 631 Midterm Exam (Version 2)

Question: What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
Question: What type of necrosis is often … with pulmonary tuberculosis?
Question: What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
Question: Law plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure plasma oncotic:
Question: When a child inherits a disease that is autosomal recessive, it is … from who?
Question: Describe the chromosomal defect related to Prader-Willi Syndrome imprinting, Deletion, 4mb of chromosome 15, inherits from father short stature, hypotonia, 5m hands & ft, obese, mild to mod mental retardation, hypogonadism.
Question: What mechanism can cause hypernatremia?

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NUR 631 Midterm Exam (Version 2)
Question: What are the causes of hyperkalemia?
Question: What are likely causes of respiratory acidosis?
Question: When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are … to celebrations of which leukocytes?
Question: In which structure do B lymphocytes mature & undergo changes that commit them to becoming B cells?
Question: Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva , breast milk, & respiratory secretions?
Question: Which T cells controls or limits the immune response to protect the hosts own tissue against an autoimmune response?
Question: The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a rxn that is mediated by which class of immunoglobulin?
Question: How many months does it take for the newborn to be sufficiently protected by antibodies … by its own B cells?
Question: A person c type 0 blood is … to be the universal blood donor because type 0 blood contains which of the following?
Question: Cr to Kines are thought to cause fevers by stimulating the synthesis of which chm mediators:
Question: Which cells are primary targets for HIV?
Question: The mammary glands enlg during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what type of hormonal even?
Question: Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where?
Question: The most common site for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location?
Question: Where is the neurotransmitter, nor epinephrine … ?
Question: Thyroid-stimulating (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhabited when plasma levels (TH) are adequate. What is this an example of?
Question: What is the action of calcitonin?
Question: Aldosterore directly increases the re-absorption of what?
Question: Which laboratory value would the APRN expect to find if a person is experiencing syndrome inappropriate anti directly hormone (SIADH)?
Question: Why are visual disturbances a result of a pituitary adenoma?
Question: Which disorder is … by hyper secretion of G1+ in Adults.
Question: How is he level of thyroid-stimulating hormone in individuals with Graves disease impacted?
Question: What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism energy metabolism?
Question: A patient d­­­x c DKA has the following Lab val PH 7, 20, serum glucose 500mg/d1, “t” urine glucose + key tones, serum k 2meg/L, serum Na+ 130mEg/. The patient reports that he has been sick c the fly for 1 wk. what relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency osmotic dieresis?
Question: When is hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia observed in patients?
Question: A person has acne easy bruising, thin extremities, truncal obesity. The clinical manifestations are indicative of which endocrine d/o.
Question: A person may experience which complications as a result of a reduction in Parathyroid hormone.
Question: Which nutrients are necessary for the synthesis of DNA and the maturation of erythrocytes?
Question: Which type of anemia is characterized by fatigue, wkn & dyspnea, as well as conjunctive of the eyes + brittle, concave nails?
Question: In infectious mononucleosis (IM) what does the mono spot test detect?
Question: Vitamin K is … for normal clotting factor synthesis by?
Question: How is erythroblast sis fatalist … ?

Question: Which type of anemia occurs as a result of thalasemia?
Question: Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium … o HTN?
Question: What is the direct action of a trial natriuretic hormone?
Question: A family friend shows you a recent lab report. He would like you to interpret the findings. Lab values show hyper calcemia, hypophatemia, elevated alkaline phosphates + PTH. What is the cause of this?
Question: Why don’t patient’s c type 2dm generally develop ketacidosis?
Question: You have dx your p+ c DI. In order to … the causative area the p+ is … an ADH like medication. The lab reports this resulted in an urine osmolarity. What degrees would you give this Pt?
Question: What are the earliest signs of diabetic neuropathy morphologic change is axonal degeneration that preferentially involves sensory nerve fibers, particularly the smaller pohmotal unmyelinated peripheral C fibers/
Question: A patient has just been … c hypothyroidism by her physician. According to the lab reports it is … to be secondary hypothyroidism. What results supports this finding?
Question: Where is the region reasonable for motor aspect of speech … ?
Question: Why is status epilepticus … a medical emergency?
Question: Tremors @ rest, rigidity, akinesia, + postural abnormalities are a result of the atrophy of neurons in what part of the brain?
Question: A herniation of which disk will likely result in motor sensory of the lateral lower legs + souls of the fact?
Question: Which condition poses the highest risk a CVA?
Question: A man who sustained a cervical spinal cord injury 2 days ago, suddenly develops severe HTN bradycardia. He reports severe head pain, blurred vision. What is the most likely explanation for these OH clinical manifestations?
Question: Guillian Barre Syndrome is … by a viral illness.
Question: In which disorder are acetylcholine receptor antibodies (IgG antibodies) … against acetylcholine receptors?
Question: Antipsychotic drugs block which neuron transomther receptor?
Question: What will an infant diagnosed & hydrocephalus be observed to demonstrate?
Question: Your p+ tells you that she has been waking up for several days c a severe r side HA, unilateral lacrimation, & nasal congestion, what is the d­x?

NUR 631 Midterm Exam (Version 2)
Question: Bells palsy is d/t an inflammation of what crania nerve?

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;

What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?

Introduction

The membrane potential is the sum of the charge carried by all of the molecules that make up a cell’s lipid bilayer membrane. It’s also known as the resting membrane potential, or RMP. The RMP is responsible for maintaining the cell’s electrical balance and keeping it from suffering from excess current or an insufficient amount of electricity. When a neuron fires an action potential, it depends on a change in one of these parameters either an influx of positive ions, loss of negative ions across its outer surface, or opening to trigger this event on certain neurons within your brain.

When the membrane potential reaches a critical level

When the membrane potential reaches a critical level, it can cause an action potential. The membrane potential is the difference in voltage between inside and outside of a cell. This difference is caused by ions moving in and out of the cell. The membrane potential is maintained by chemical gradients across the membrane that act as a pump for ions (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ ).

The ion pumps are powered by a membrane potential. If there is no difference in voltage across the membrane, then there will be no pump for ions to move across it.

When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor

When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, it causes the receptor to change its shape and open. The release of ions from inside the cell membrane causes this change in shape. The resulting opening allows an influx of calcium into the postsynaptic neuron, which activates its ion channels and causes them to become more permeable or permeable enough for sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) to pass through them.

This influx of ions causes an action potential or “spike” in the postsynaptic neuron. It is this spike that triggers the next neuron to fire its own action potential, which can cause a cascade of signals throughout your body.

When an ion channel opens, allowing ions to cross the membrane

An ion channel is a protein that allows ions to cross the membrane. When an ion channel opens, allowing ions to cross the membrane, it causes an action potential. The opening and closing of these proteins are controlled by voltage changes in your body’s cells. It’s important to note that not all channels are created equally; they may be stimulated by various signals such as light or sound (or even cold temperatures), or they might be regulated by another cell or region of your body (such as your brain).

When an influx of sodium ions occurs

The increase in the resting membrane potential is caused by an influx of sodium ions into the cell. Sodium ions are the most abundant ions in your body and they move toward positive charges, causing the membrane to become more positive. This results in a larger change in charge across its surface and therefore, it can be thought of as an action potential occurring due to a change in voltage rather than just movement around or through it (which is what would happen with other types of ionic currents).

A change in the concentration of charged particles on either side of a cell’s membrane causes a shift in voltage.

A change in the concentration of charged particles on either side of a cell’s membrane causes a shift in voltage. This means that changes to either side can cause you to change your membrane potential, which will then initiate an action potential. The resting membrane potential is -70 mV. When there are more negative charges on one side and more positive charges on the other (like in Na+ versus K+), it creates more inward current than outward current because there are fewer “holes” for ions to flow through; therefore we have less electrical resistance between them (inward current). In contrast, when there are more positive charges present relative to negative ones (e.g., both sides have lots of K+), then we have more outward current compared with inward current because there is less electrical resistance between them this causes higher resistance overall against flow through this region of space inside our cells!

Conclusion

The resting membrane potential is the voltage at which a cell’s interior membrane will remain electrically stable. The resting membrane potential is important because it dictates how well a neuron can communicate with other neurons and organelles within the cell body, as well as with other cells in the body.