You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

 

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

Polyploid species in plants

Introduction

Polyploids are plants that have more than two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a plant cell. They can be made artificially by removing duplicate sets of chromosomes from one or more parental species, either as an offspring or as part of a hybridisation process. In addition to polyploidy being a natural phenomenon, it has also been artificially induced through many different techniques with varying rates and outcomes.

Polyploidy is a condition where there are more than two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a plant cell

Polyploidy is a condition where there are more than two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a plant cell. The most common form of natural polyploidy is allopolyploidy, which means that it results from the union of two or more different species. Allopolyploids may be derived from species that have different chromosome numbers (e.g., A-B-C) or from those with identical chromosome numbers but different structures (e.g., A-A).

The most common form of natural polyploidy is allopolyploidy

Allopolyploids are a group of plants that have two or more sets of chromosomes from different species. This is the most common form of natural polyploidy in nature and occurs when two different species hybridize.

Allopolyploids can be stable and reproduce normally if the hybridization occurred between genetically similar species, but if one parent has a dominant gene that prevents reproduction, then it will become unviable over time as allopolyploids become less common with each successive generation.

Allopolyploids may be derived from species that have different chromosome numbers

Allopolyploids are a type of polyploid, meaning that they have more than two sets of chromosomes. The word “allopoly” comes from the Greek work allos, which means another species; thus, allopolyploidy means having a second set of DNA in place of one’s own. In nature and sometimes in laboratory experiments as well, allopolyploids have been formed when two different species hybridize or interbreed with each other (this is called natural or spontaneous hybridization). Allopolyplous plants may be derived from either diploid (or regular) species or autopolyploids—those that have independently evolved several times over time.

Allopolyploidy can occur at any stage during plant development: seeds can develop into adult plants with multiple sets of chromosomes; these then produce new seeds containing those same extra sets; these new seeds grow into yet another generation with even more extra sets added to its genome (and so on).

Allopolyploids can be stable and reproduce normally if the hybridization occurred between genetically similar species

Polyploid species can be stable and reproduce normally if the hybridization occurred between genetically similar species. This means that the hybridization must have occurred between closely related individuals of different species, such as two plants or animals with very similar genomes.

It is also important that there are enough differences in their chromosomes to produce viable offspring (i.e., an individual whose cellular structure contains half of its genetic information). If there aren’t enough differences between parent and offspring, then they won’t be able to survive long enough for reproduction to occur because they won’t be able to survive on their own without help from another individual who has more than one set of chromosomes like them!

A new species formed by autopolyploidy will have the same number of chromosomes as its ancestral species.

Polyploidy is a type of hybridization in which two different species combine to form a new one. If you have a plant that has been hybridized with another, it will be called autopolyploid because the cells produced contain twice as many chromosomes (2n) as their parents. This means that if the original parent species had 2n chromosomes and the resulting offspring had 4n chromosomes, then this new one would have 4n + 2 = 6 total sets of DNA!

However: while autopolyploids are fertile, they’re still considered “new” organisms because they didn’t evolve from anything else—they just appeared out of thin air!

Autopolyploids are also called homoploids.

Autopolyploids are also called homoploids. The term homoploid refers to a hybrid that has the same number of chromosomes as its parent species. Polyploidy can be stable if the hybridization occurred between genetically similar species in which each member of the new hybrid is more closely related to one parent than it is to its other parent.

For example, let’s say you have two species: A and B (species A is an autopolyploid and B is a polyploid). If you cross them together and get C (a homoplast), then C has two sets of chromosomes from both parents: one set from A and another set from B! Therefore, this new plant would have four sets instead of three like most plants do today (A+B=C).

Polyploid plants occur naturally and can be made artificially

Polyploid plants occur naturally and can be made artificially. The concept of the origin of polyploids was first suggested in the late 19th century, but it wasn’t until the 1930s that scientists began to understand how this process works. Polyploids are produced by meiosis (cell division) which results in an increase in cell number and often also increases their size as well.

Polyploidy is a natural phenomenon, but there are several ways to produce it artificially:

• Heteroploidy – This method involves genetic manipulation using microorganisms or viruses that induce random doubling or tripling of chromosomes within the nucleus of an individual plant cell. This technique has been used extensively for research purposes since its discovery, such as breeding superior varieties with higher yields or resistance to diseases like rust fungus; however these techniques have not yet been employed commercially due largely because they require large amounts of time investment before any tangible benefits could be realized from them (Davies & Anderson 2008).

Conclusion

Polyploid plants can be used to breed new varieties and improve crop yields. The organisms are also of great value in genetic research because they provide an opportunity to study the effects of multiple sets of chromosomes on the cells or tissues that contain them.