BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 09 Case Study

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 09 Case Study

Question 1

Samira is a 26-year-old female with a history of intense dysmenorrhea. She experience menarche at age 11. Her menstrual cycles average 25 days in length. She has a BMI of 18. Her menstrual cycle pain had decreased over the last 3 years while she was consistently taking birth control pills. However, she is now planning her first pregnancy and has been off birth control for 6 months now. She has yet to conceive, even though she and her partner have been carefully timing intercourse and monitoring Samira’s fertility window each month. Her dysmenorrhea has returned and she has developed menometrorrhagia, along with other cyclical symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and craving salty foods.

Samira’s physician is concerned that she may have endometriosis. Briefly explain the pathophysiology of this condition.

Question 2

Which of Samira’s symptoms is most likely NOT related to endometriosis?

Answers:

Craving salty food

Diarrhea

Dysmenorrhea

Bloating

Question 3

Why would Samira’s dysmenorrhea symptoms decrease when taking birth control pills?!

Question 4

List and briefly describe 3 risk factors Samira has for endometriosis.

Question 5

Aside from the symptoms Samira has, which of the following symptoms is also likely for women who experience endometriosis? (Select all that apply.)

Answers:

Fatigue

Pain with bowel movements

Pain with intercourse

Increased likelihood of gonorrhea

Increased risk of genital warts

Question 6

Samira’s physician wants to perform several tests to diagnose her condition. Which of the following procedures would NOT be helpful in diagnosing endometriosis?

Answers:

Pap smear

Ultrasound

Pelvic exam

Laparoscopy

Question 7

If Samira still wishes to become pregnant, which treatment option may decrease her symptoms while allowing fertilization and implantation of an ovum?

Answers:

Progestin therapy

Depo-Provera

Estrogen-Progesterone patch

Conservative surgery

Question 8

List and describe 3 lifestyle or at-home treatments that may help Samira reduce her symptoms.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true?

Answers:

Women with endometriosis always have symptoms of the disease, even if they are only mild symptoms.

Patients under 25 years of age with endometriosis are often treated with surgical hysterectomy.

In endometriosis, endometrial tissue only grows on reproductive organs and cannot affect other structures in the pelvic or abdominal cavity.

About 1/3 of women with endometriosis struggle with infertility.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true?

Answers:

Genetics play no role in endometriosis.

Women who have mothers, aunts, and sisters with endometriosis are more likely to develop the condition themselves.

Endometriosis is typically diagnosed after menopause.

Exposure to estrogen through foods, medications, and other environmental factors does not contribute to a woman’s risk of endometriosis.

Question 11

Donald is a 62-year-old male who has been experiencing frequent urination and trouble starting to urinate for several weeks. He has a family history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Donald’s BMI is 29, he occasionally drinks alcohol and coffee, and his diet consists mainly of red meat, starches, and dairy products. Just yesterday, he had an episode of incontinence and decided to seek care immediately. Donald was referred to an urologist who suspected that his prostate was the cause of his urinary issues.

Which of the following conditions could be causing Donald’s urinary symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

Answers:

Erectile dysfunction

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostate cancer

Urinary tract infection

Question 12

Briefly explain how Donald’s prostate could be related to his inability to urinate normally.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true?

Answers:

BPH increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is typically diagnosed in men under 40 years of age.

Early prostate cancer may cause no symptoms at all.

Both prostate cancer and BPH often cause radiating pain into the lower extremities, bilaterally.

Question 14

Donald’s urologist performs a digital rectal exam and finds the surface of the prostate to be hard and many nodules are present. Based on these findings, which of the following is most likely?

Answers:

BPH

Prostate cancer

UTI

Kidney stones

Question 15

Explain what a prostate-specific antigen test is and how it could be helpful for Donald.

Question 16

“Watchful waiting” is a treatment approach commonly used in cases involving the prostate. Explain what this means and why it is used.

Question 17

Medications like alpha-blockers may help relieve Donald’s symptoms by:

Answers:

Relaxing the muscles at the base of the bladder.

Increasing the amount of urine filtered through the kidneys.

Increasing blood pressure

Diluting the urine’s concentration

Question 18

Donald’s physician recommends a surgery called “transurethral resection of the prostate”. Briefly describe how this procedure is performed. Be sure to use anatomical terms.

Question 19

If Donald is diagnosed with prostate cancer, his treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer. Which of the following is true?

Answers:

Early stages of cancer are always metastatic.

Cancer staging is measure by three factors- tumor size and location, lymph node involvement, and metastasis.

Prostate cancer that involves lymph nodes is the earliest stage of cancer.

Tumors that are classified as T1 always cause urinary symptoms.

Question 20

Donald is experiencing urinary symptoms, but prostate conditions can also interfere with the male reproductive system. Which of the following statements is true?

Answers:

Donald should be worried about developing erectile dysfunction, as it is a common side effect of prostate enlargement.

Prostate enlargement can impair a male’s ability to produce sperm.

Some forms of prostate enlargement, such as prostate cancer, can occlude the ejaculatory duct and cause painful ejaculation.

Early stages of prostate cancer often occlude the epididymis, blocking the transportation of sperm.

BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Module 09 Case Study

 

MORE INFO 

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction

The human body is made up of many different tissues and organs. These substances are all connected by molecules called biomolecules, which carry information between cells. In this article, we’ll explore how biomolecules work in our bodies, how they’re created and broken down, and why these processes are important for keeping us healthy.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of how energy, chemicals and food are used to make the body function. It includes all the processes involved in food digestion, absorption, metabolism and excretion.

The building blocks of life are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CH2O). These can be combined to form carbohydrates such as glucose (C6H12O6) which we use for energy when we eat food or drink coffee/tea or alcohol. Carbohydrates also include proteins found in meat or fish; fats found in dairy products; vitamins; minerals such as potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium carbonate CaCO3 , magnesium oxide MgO2 , iron oxide Fe3O4 , zinc oxide ZnO2

Membrane transport

Membrane transport is a process that moves molecules across cell membranes. There are many different types of membrane transport, but some common examples include:

• Osmosis – The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area with more solute to an area with less solute (like the inside of your body). This happens when you have been soaking in saltwater or other salty substances for too long—your body will try to rid itself of these excess salts by closing up its pores so they can’t get back in again via osmosis. You’ll notice this happening if you drink too much cola during summer vacation!

• Active transport – This is another form of moving things across membranes by using energy sources like ATP molecules or hydrogen ions released from one side (the donor side) into another. For example, this could be something like taking vitamin C out of our bodies and putting it back in again without being broken down first by being digested by enzymes inside cells before entering elsewhere such as blood vessels where it’s needed most urgently.”

Chemical composition of the body

The human body is composed of water, lipids (fats), proteins and carbohydrates. The amount of each depends on your weight and height. Minerals are also important to the human body because they help in building bones, muscles and other tissues.

Proteins are made up of amino acids which have a chemical structure similar to that of sugars or starches; however they cannot be digested by our bodies like these two food items can be consumed in their natural form without any change in their chemical composition at all! So why then do we need proteins? Proteins serve several functions within the body including helping us digest our food properly by breaking down carbohydrates into glucose molecules which we can use as energy sources during activities such as exercise or studying under harsh sunlight conditions when there isn’t enough sunlight coming through windows due to clouds covering up sky blue skies above us!

Homeostasis and negative feedback loops

The body maintains a constant internal environment through feedback loops. When one part of the body adjusts, another part can respond to correct for it. This is how your heart rate and breathing rate are controlled by your nervous system, which uses negative feedback to keep them stable at low levels. Your liver releases bile into your digestive tract as necessary to break down food so that you can absorb nutrients from it; if this process goes on too long without bile being released, your body will start absorbing enough water from its own tissues (which could lead to dehydration).

As an example of negative feedback loops working together in maintaining homeostatic levels—and thus keeping you alive—the immune system works like this: When white blood cells encounter foreign matter such as bacteria or viruses, they release chemicals called cytokines which attract other nearby cells into attacking those substances; these newly recruited soldiers then begin fighting off invaders until they’re victorious!

The cell and its organelles

The cell is the basic unit of life. It contains many organelles and other components that help it function and grow. The cell has a nucleus, mitochondria (which make energy), ribosomes (which make proteins), Golgi apparatus (which makes vesicles) and lysosomes (which break down waste).

The membrane keeps the contents within your body separate from the outside world; it also helps transport substances in or out of your body. The semi-permeable membrane lets some things through while keeping others out; this makes it easier for oxygen molecules to reach every part of your body because they can’t pass through barriers easily!

Cellular division (mitosis and meiosis)

The cell cycle is a series of events that occurs in all living cells. The process begins with mitosis, or cell division, and ends with cytokinesis, or cell division at the opposite poles of the cell.

[1] In this article we will focus on plant cells because they are more similar to human organisms than animal cells.

The phases of the cell cycle can be summarized as follows:

The building blocks of the body are chemical compounds.

The body is made up of many different types of cells. Each cell has a nucleus, organelles and other components that help it function. The body also contains many different chemical compounds, including proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.

Conclusion

Overall, the human body is an amazing machine. It’s made up of many different cells that all work together to keep you alive and healthy! We hope this article has been helpful in understanding how these cells work together.