1. Using the hemodynamic values below explain in detail what clinical scenario (condition) would the values indicate. Your answer should include: the patient diagnosis, treatment of the diagnosis and normal values of all hemodynamic indices.

A.

CVP = 6 torr

PAP = 22 torr

PCWP = 7 torr

C.O. = 4 LPM

B.

CVP = 1 torr

PAP = 11 torr

PCWP = 6 torr

C.O. = 3.5 LPM

C.

CVP = 8 torr

PAP = 20 torr

PCWP = 12 torr

C.O. = 5 LPM

D.

CVP = 8 torr

PAP = 14 torr

PCWP = 8 torr

C.O. = 6 LPM

E.

CVP = 9 torr

PAP = 17 torr

PCWP = 10 torr

C.O. = 9.6 LPM

2. In addition to using hemodynamic values, how can we differentiate between cardiogenic pulmonary edema and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

3. Pick one cause for high SVO2 and one cause for low SVO2 and discuss treatments for each.

4. Why is continuous mixed venous saturation used in cardiac surgery patients?

Submit your answers in at least 500 words on a Word document. You must cite at least three references in APA format to defend and support your position. Hemodynamic Abnormalities

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Hemodynamic Abnormalities

Introduction

Hypertension is a clinical condition characterized by increased blood pressure. It occurs when the arteries in your heart, brain, and other vital organs become stiff and narrow due to excess protein in the blood called hypertension that causes extra strain on those vessels. There are many types of hypertension but they all have one thing in common: they raise blood pressure too high for your body’s needs — though there can be multiple causes for these problems (e.g., diabetes).

The lipid-rich core of a plaque can break through the fibrous cap, entering the lumen and causing a platelet plug to form.

The lipid-rich core of a plaque can break through the fibrous cap, entering the lumen and causing a platelet plug to form. Platelets are small cells that help blood clot. As they are activated by injury or disease they release many chemicals that stimulate aggregation (clumping) of other platelets into large clumps called thrombi. These clumps continue to grow until they reach a size where they cannot be broken down by circulating antibodies and/or inflammation mechanisms in your body

An intracellular fluid balance that is too low for blood pressure to remain normal is called hypovolemia.

Hypovolemia is a condition in which the volume of blood is too low to support life. The causes of hypovolemia are:

Injury or bleeding

Trauma/surgery

Pregnancy (due to increased fluid requirements)

Diseases that cause anemia (anemia is also called “low blood”)

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is an acute lung syndrome that occurs when one or more artery branches in the lung are blocked by thromboemboli.

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is an acute lung syndrome that occurs when one or more artery branches in the lung are blocked by thromboemboli. The clot may cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing up blood or mucus, wheezing and chest pain.

Pulmonary embolisms can be caused by:

• Cancer tumors in particular areas of your body (such as your pelvis) or cancer treatment medications that thin the blood — like chemotherapy drugs used to treat lung cancer

• Venous thrombosis — when a blood clot forms on a vessel (arterial), breaks away from its attachment site and travels through the bloodstream to another part of your body where it stops functioning normally

Hypertension is considered an epidemic in this country because of its increasing prevalence and severity in all age groups.

Hypertension is considered an epidemic in this country because of its increasing prevalence and severity in all age groups. The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute estimates that one out of every three adults has hypertension or high blood pressure.

In fact, many people have hypertension and don’t know it because their blood pressure readings are slightly above normal—the recommended level for adults is less than 140/90 mm Hg—and they’re not overweight or obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Hypertension can be treated with lifestyle changes such as dieting and exercise; medications like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and beta-blockers; surgery such as heart bypass surgery; implanted devices such as cardiac pacemakers; or balloon dilations to treat constricted arteries known as stenosis or plaques on the inside walls of arteries that narrow them shut leading to heart attacks.

The clinical manifestations of hypertension vary with the age of onset and severity.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure. It can also cause an enlarged heart, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), heart failure and sudden cardiac death.

• Hypertension can cause aneurysms of the aorta and other arteries leading to aortic dissection or rupture. This condition may be fatal if not detected early on in its development by imaging studies such as echocardiography or cardiac catheterization which reveals leakage from one or both sides of your blood vessels at times when these vessels are least visible on standard X-ray pictures taken during physical examinations performed routinely by physicians such as primary care physicians (PCPs) who treat patients with routine health issues like hypertension problems without special training related specifically towards diagnosing these conditions like those requiring specialized expertise in order for them

Hypertension may be primary (essential) or secondary, depending on its cause.

Although hypertension is the most common type of hypertension, it is often accompanied by a secondary or compensatory mechanism. This means that there is another condition or factor that causes your blood pressure to rise above normal levels. The most common cause of secondary hypertension is an abnormality in one’s kidneys.

The second most common cause of high blood pressure is excess fluid in your body due to increased sodium (salt) retention and/or other hormones such as Cushing’s syndrome (high cortisol levels). Other causes include:

• Diabetes mellitus – high blood sugar levels over time leads to diabetes mellitus which causes increased urination leading to increased production of water inside cells causing them swell up into larger sizes known as edema; this swelling can make it hard for organs like eyesight because they are pressed against each other making them blurry; also affects kidneys because they have less ability over time since their job isn’t done well enough anymore due

to all this extra fluid buildup

Hypertension is treated by using a combination of nutritional, pharmacologic, and lifestyle interventions.

Hypertension is a common condition that can be treated with a combination of nutritional, pharmacologic, and lifestyle interventions.

Lifestyle changes include:

• Smoking cessation (smoking decreases blood pressure by 20 to 30 mm Hg)

• Weight loss if you’re obese (a reduction in body mass index by five percent or more can reduce systolic blood pressure by 6-11 mm Hg) and if you have diabetes mellitus (diabetes increases the risk for cardiovascular disease). In addition to weight loss, increasing physical activity also helps lower your blood pressure by reducing your resting heart rate, improving circulation throughout the body and lowering platelet aggregation which reduces strain on your heart muscle.

Patients with mild systolic hypertension have few symptoms, but they’re at increased risk for target organ damage and cardiovascular disease.

Patients with mild systolic hypertension have few symptoms, but they’re at increased risk for target organ damage and cardiovascular disease.

Symptoms include fatigue, headache, dizziness and sleep problems. The most common symptom is a general feeling of being unwell that may last several days or weeks. Tiredness may be extreme enough to interfere with normal activities such as work or leisure activity (unable to function). Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea; heartburn or acid indigestion; bloating; urinary burning/painful urination (inability to pass urine); nausea/vomiting/diarrhea; skin rash with itchiness or burning sensation on contact with clothing fabrics etc., swelling around eyes causing vision problems without pain when touched near eye area – these are all signs of high blood pressure (hypertension).

The risk of stroke increases significantly if you have untreated hypertension

Cardiovascular measures include ECG and stress test results, left ventricular hypertrophy, and an enlarged heart at autopsy.

Cardiovascular measures include ECG and stress test results, left ventricular hypertrophy, and an enlarged heart at autopsy.

ECG is a test that records the heart’s electrical activity. It can be used to determine if there are any abnormalities in your heartbeat or rhythm (arrhythmia). Stress tests are used to see how well the heart responds to exercise by measuring how much blood flow it receives from the lungs during activity. Left ventricular hypertrophy is an enlargement of one of its chambers due to increased cell growth inside them; this condition may cause shortness of breath or fatigue.

Acute complications due to hypertension include hypertensive crisis, stroke, MI, angina pectoris, dissection of the aorta, renal failure, pulmonary edema, CHF, HTN emergency, and intracranial hemorrhage.

• Hypertensive crisis, stroke, MI, angina pectoris, dissection of the aorta and renal failure are some of the major complications associated with hypertension.

• The treatment for these conditions include antihypertensive drugs that can be used alone or in combination with other medications such as diuretics or beta-blockers.

Hypertension can cause many different problems in the body if not well managed

Hypertension can cause many different problems in the body if not well managed. It can lead to heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and eye disease. It may also cause erectile dysfunction and sexual dysfunction. Hypertension can also cause sleep apnea and other breathing problems that make you feel tired during the day or night.

Conclusion

The treatment of hypertension is a long-term process, requiring lifestyle changes and medication to be effective. Doctors recommend blood pressure measurements at least every three months to monitor your progress and make adjustments if needed.