NUR 631 Topic 9 Discussion Question 1

Select two of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which questions you have chosen using the format displayed in the “Discussion Forum Sample.” (All Questions Answered)

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1. Describe coronary artery disease. How does it develop? What is the pathophysiological basis of how the various risk factors can lead to this disorder?
2. Numerous hormones have an impact on cardiac function. List two to three of these hormones and address how they affect the heart or the cardiovascular system.
3. Diet and lifestyle play an important role in cardiovascular health. What is the impact of a poor diet and lifestyle on the cardiovascular system?
   

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NUR 631 Topic 9 Discussion Question 2

Select two of the following discussion questions for your discussion response. Indicate which questions you have chosen
using the format displayed in the “Discussion Forum Sample.” (All Questions Answered)

1. Explain the underlying pathophysiology associated with hypertensive conditions. What are the associated pathological complications?
2. Detail the physiological process of heart failure, causes of heart failure, and pathological changes associated with heart failure.
3. Detail a common congenital defect associated with the cardiovascular system of a pediatric patient

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;

Explain the underlying pathophysiology associated with hypertensive conditions

Introduction

Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease and is estimated to affect 1 in 3 adults in the United States. It is a condition with an elevated arterial pressure, which can lead to heart disease and stroke. Hypertension has many causes and manifestations, including inherited syndromes, medications, lifestyle choices (smoking, diet), as well as environmental factors such as mental stress or urban living.

hypertension is a condition with an elevated arterial pressure.

Hypertension is a condition with an elevated arterial pressure. The body’s blood vessels constrict in order to maintain normal flow and prevent excessive fluid from entering the bloodstream. When this happens, it can lead to heart disease, stroke and kidney failure.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.[4] It increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) by increasing blood viscosity—the thickness or stickiness of your blood.[5]

Normal pressure: Systolic 80-120, Diastolic 60-80

The normal blood pressure is 120/80. This means that the systolic blood pressure is 120mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure is 80mm Hg.

The systolic blood pressure refers to the pressure in your arteries when the heart beats. The diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in your arteries when your heart is at rest between beats. If you have high blood pressure, it means that the force of blood against your artery walls is greater than normal. When this happens, it’s called hypertension.

Stage 1 Hypertension systolic 140-159/100-109

Stage 1 hypertension is characterized by systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 140-159 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 100-109 mmHg. The patient may have no symptoms or mild symptoms such as headaches and fatigue. In some cases, stage 1 hypertension may be a result of lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation, weight loss/gain, physical inactivity, etc., which can lead to more severe secondary hypertension when left untreated for an extended period of time.

There are several different possible underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that may contribute to stage 1 hypertension including: kidney disease; Cushing’s syndrome; primary aldosteronism (PA); hyperaldosteronism

Stage 2 Hypertension systolic >160/110+

Stage 2 hypertension is the most common stage of hypertension, occurring in approximately 40% of adults with high blood pressure. Stage 2 hypertension is characterized by systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg (or diastolic blood pressure greater than 110 mm Hg).

It is important to note that the severity of your blood pressure is not a matter of how high it gets but rather how consistently high it is. For example, someone with stage 2 hypertension could have normal blood pressure one day and elevated blood pressure on another day. However, if the elevated readings are frequent and consistent, then this person would be diagnosed as having stage 2 hypertension.

Isolated Systolic Hypertension diastolic <90 and systolic >140

Isolated systolic hypertension is a condition with an elevated systolic pressure and normal diastolic pressure. This can be distinguished from other causes of isolated systolic hypertension, such as Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or digitalization due to atherosclerosis.

The most important distinguishing feature between isolated systolic hypertension and essential hypertension is the age of onset. Patients with essential hypertension are usually under 50 years old; those with isolated systolic hypertension tend to be older (50–60 years).

Systolic pressures are more important in patients over 50 years.

Systolic pressures are more important in patients over 50 years.

Diastolic pressures are more important in patients under 50 years.

Primary hypertension causes include family history, lifestyle (obesity, smoking and diet) and stress.

The secondary causes include renal disease, endocrine disorders and hyperthyroidism. The main symptoms of hypertension are headaches, dizziness, fatigue and nosebleeds.

Diastolic pressures are more important in patients under 50 years.

Diastolic pressure is more important in patients under 50 years. Systolic pressures are more important in patients over 50 years.

Diastolic pressure is the pressure in arterial walls when the heart is at rest. Systolic pressure is the pressure in arterial walls when it contracts to contractive force (usually about 150 mm Hg).

Primary hypertension causes include family history, lifestyle (obesity, smoking, diet) and stress.

Primary hypertension causes include family history, lifestyle (obesity, smoking, diet) and stress. Secondary hypertension is a condition where the blood pressure is elevated due to another medical condition such as heart disease or kidney disease.

Hypertension is a term used to describe high blood pressure (also known as “hypertension”). Hypertension can lead to many health problems including heart attacks and strokes. According to the American Heart Association: “High blood pressure increases your risk of developing heart disease or stroke.”

Secondary hypertension may be due to kidney disease or Cushing’s syndrome.

Hypertension is a common condition that affects 1 in 3 people. It may be due to:

• Kidney disease

• Cushing’s syndrome

Polycystic kidney disease Glomerulonephritis Lupus Nephrotic syndrome Kidney stones

Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the concentration of calcium in your blood is too high. This may be due to: Cancer that has spread to the bones or kidneys Kidney disease Liver disease Nephrotic syndrome Parathyroid disorder Vitamin D toxicity

Mechanisms behind hypertension include altered cardiac output, vascular tone or water/salt homeostasis.

Hypertension is a complex disease that involves multiple mechanisms. Some of the underlying pathophysiology behind hypertension include altered cardiac output, vascular tone or water/salt homeostasis.

Cardiac Output and Vascular Tone

Hypertension can lead to changes in cardiac function that affect blood pressure control by affecting vascular tone or renal sodium handling. Elevated systemic arterial pressure causes constriction of arterioles and increased resistance to blood flow due to increased diameter of vessels leading to decreased cardiac output (CO), resulting in low perfusion pressure necessary for adequate tissue oxygenation. In addition, high levels of circulating catecholamines may contribute directly by causing vasoconstriction through stimulation of alpha receptors located on smooth muscle cells lining blood vessels near the site where they enter capillaries within tissues; thus reducing afterload which leads directly back into CO reduction again!

hypertension is a condition with an elevated arterial pressure

Hypertension is a condition with an elevated arterial pressure. It can be caused by drugs, diseases or abnormalities in the blood vessels themselves.

Hypertension may develop as a result of long-term use of certain medications; however, it is most commonly related to lifestyle factors such as obesity, salt intake and smoking. Other risk factors include being African American race/ethnicity (a person who identifies as black), age over 45 years old and diabetes mellitus type 2

Symptoms include:

Conclusion

Hypertension is a condition with an elevated arterial pressure.