NR 503 DeVry Week 5 Discussion Paper NR 503 DeVry Week 5 Discussion Paper ? NR 503 DeVry Week 5 Discussion 1 Latest Discussion Part One (graded) Epidemiologic Sub-fields Pick a disease in your geographic area and identify how it is tied to either infectious, chronic, gynecological or sexually transmitted infection (STI), environmental, cultural or geographic causation. NR 503 DeVry Week 5 Discussion 2 Latest Discussion Part Two (graded) Provide the specific descriptive epidemiological aspects of this disease as it relates to your geographic area. NR 503 DeVry Week 5 Discussion 3 Latest Discussion Part Three (graded) Please provide a summary of the case or information you have discussed this week. CLICK HERE TO ORDER YOUR NR 503 DeVry Week 5 Discussion Paper NR 503 Relative Risk Calculation Worksheet? Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to help you to begin to understand and apply the important counts, ratios, and statistics presented in healthcare and epidemiological research. Remember to use the list of formulas presented prior to the problems and to carefully consider the purpose of each calculation and how it is interpreted. Course Outcomes Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to: (CO #3) Identify appropriate outcome measures and study designs applicable to epidemiological subfields such as infectious disease, chronic disease, environmental exposures, reproductive health, and genetics. (CO #4) Apply commonly used measures of health risk. (CO #6) Identify important sources of epidemiological data. Due Date: Sunday 11:59 p.m. (MT) at the end of Week 3 Total Points Possible: 50 Requirements: 1. Complete the Risk Calculation Worksheet located in Course Resources. 2. For each question identify the correct answer. 3. Submit the worksheet to the DropBox by 11:59 p.m. MT Sunday of Week 3 Epidemiological Formulas and Statistics Incidence (exposed) Definition Incidence of new cases of disease in persons who were exposed Formula number (exposed with disease)/Total number of exposed Incidence (unexposed) Definition Incidence of new cases of disease in persons who were not exposed Formula number (unexposed with disease)/Total number of unexposed Incidence of Disease Definition Measure of risk. Total number in a population with a disease divided by the total number of the population. Formula Number with the disease/ Total population number Relative Risk Definition Risk of disease in one group versus another. Risk of developing a disease after exposure. If this number is one, it means there is no risk. R (exposed)/Risk (unexposed) Formula (# exposed with disease (divided by)/total of all exposed) (# of non-exposed with disease/(divided by)total of all non-exposed) Odds Ratio Definition A measure of exposure and disease outcome commonly used in case control studies. Formula R (exposed)/ R (unexposed) 1- R (exposed) 1-R (unexposed) Prevalence Definition The number of cases of a disease in a given time regardless of when it began. (new and old cases) Formula (Persons with the disease/ Total population) X 1000 Attributable Risk Definition The difference in disease in those exposed and unexposed and is calculated from prospective data. Directly attributed to exposure (if exposure gone, disease would be gone) Formula R(exposed) ? R(unexposed) Crude Birth Rate Definition The number of live births per 1,000 people in the population Formula (# of births/estimated mid-year population) X 1000 Crude Death Rate Definition The number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population Formula (# of deaths/estimated mid-year population) X 1000 Fetal Death Rate Definition The number of fetal deaths (20 weeks or more gestation) per 1,000 live births. Formula (# of fetal deaths/ # of live births + fetal deaths) X 1000 Annual Mortality Rate Definition Usually an expression of a specific disease or can be all causes per 1,000 people for a year. Formula (# of deaths of all causes (or a specific disease)/Mid-year population) X 1000 Case Fatality Rate Definition The parentage of individuals who have a specific disease and die within a specific time after diagnosis. Formula (# of persons dying from a disease after diagnosis or set period/ # of persons with the disease) X 100 Relative Risk Calculation Worksheet Prior to completing this worksheet, review the lessons, reading and course text up to this point. Also review the tables of calculations. Each question is worth five (5) points. There is only one right answer for each of the ten problems. 1. The population in the city of Springfield, Missouri in March, 2014 was 200,000. The number of new cases of HIV was 28 between January 1 and June 30th 2014. The number of current HIV cases was 130 between January 1 and June 30th 2014. The incidence rate of HIV cases for this 6 month period was: A. 7 per 100,000 population B. 14 per 100,000 population C. 28 per 100,000 population D. 85 per 100,000 population 2. The prevalence rate of HIV cases in Springfield, Missouri as of June 30, 2014 was: A. 14 per 100,000 population B. 28 per 100,000 population C. 79 per 100,000 population D. 130 per 100,000 population 3. In a North African country with a population of 5 million people, 50,000 deaths occurred during 2014. These deaths included 5,000 people from malaria out of 10,000 persons who had Malaria. What was the total Annual Mortality Rate for 2014 for this country? (Please show your work) 4. What was the cause-specific mortality rate from malaria? (Please show your work) 5. What was the case-fatality percent from malaria? 6. Fill in and total the 4 X 4 table for the following disease parameters: Total number of people with lung cancer in a given population = 120 Total number of people with lung cancer who smoked = 90 Total number of people with lung cancer who did not smoke = 30 Total number of people who smoked = 150 Total number of people in the population = 350 Fill in the missing parameters based on the above. YES LUNG CANCER NO LUNG CANCER TOTALS YES SMOKING NO SMOKING TOTALS 7. From Question 6, what is the total number of people with no lung cancer? 8. From question 6, what is the total number of people who smoked, but did not have lung cancer? 9. Set up the problem for relative risk based on the table in #6. 10. Calculate the relative risk. 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;

Discuss epidemiological subfields

Introduction

Epidemiology is a field of study that focuses on collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data on diseases. Epidemiologists collect this information through studies that examine the causes of disease and the effects of treatment options. They also conduct health surveys to determine if there are differences in health conditions between different groups of people or geographic areas. Epidemiologists can specialize in one area or combine several subfields into their work.

Public Health

Public health is the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized community effort. The field includes the study of disease, its causes, prevention strategies and control measures. It also includes secondary prevention (preventing new cases) in individuals who have already been exposed to a particular hazard or exposure. The public health approach seeks to identify high-risk groups for certain diseases and then develop strategies for reducing their risk by modifying personal behaviors or providing services such as sanitation programs that improve living conditions at home or workplaces where people live together day after day without any physical separation between them.

Epidemiological expertise is needed to detect and characterize emerging infectious diseases; assess their burden on populations around the world; monitor trends over time; understand how these trends relate to changes in patterns within countries’ borders; evaluate individual behavior related specifically with factors such as age groupings used/used within populations being monitored (elderly versus younger individuals); determine if there are any significant differences found between different geographic locations within nations which might affect how effective certain programs might be implemented onto these same groups depending upon where they reside.”

Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary medicine is a subfield of epidemiology that focuses on the health of animals. Veterinarians study how diseases affect animals, both in humans and other species.

Veterinary epidemiology is useful for human health as well. For example:

• Environmental epidemiology uses laboratory studies, field studies and mathematical models to study the effects of chemicals in our environment on human health.

For example: * Environmental Epidemiologists may perform research involving secondhand smoke or examine pollutants’ impact on cancer rates.*

Environmental Epidemiology

Environmental epidemiology is the study of how environmental exposures affect human health. These include:

• Air pollution (e.g., particulate matter)

• Water pollution (e.g., chemical exposure)

• Chemical exposure to humans, animals or plants in the workplace (exposure through inhalation, ingestion and contact with skin)

Environmental epidemiology seeks to reduce disease risks associated with these exposures by studying their effects on populations at large. Examples include studies investigating cancer due to air pollution exposure or diabetes among smokers who live near highways; these studies may result in recommendations for regulatory agencies such as EPA which could then implement changes in policy or practice that would reduce these risks further down the road

Clinical Epidemiology

Clinical Epidemiology focuses on the study of disease in individuals. It uses clinical data to assess risk factors and outcomes, which can be used to improve health care delivery. In addition, clinical epidemiology studies diseases that affect humans as well as animals (e.g., HIV/AIDS).

Disease Transmission from Animals to Humans is another focus area for clinical epidemiologists; they study how pathogens are transmitted between species or between hosts and vectors (e.g., mosquitoes). There is also an emphasis on prevention efforts such as vaccination programs or eradication efforts (e.g., smallpox).

Occupational Epidemiology

Occupational epidemiology is the study of how work affects health. It examines the causes and effects of illness and injuries resulting from the interactions between workers, their working environment, and their occupations. It can be contrasted with occupational safety and health (OSH), which focuses on employee training to reduce risks associated with specific hazards in a given workplace.

The goals of occupational epidemiology are:

• To understand how our lifestyles affect our bodies;

• To figure out why some people have more illness than others; and

• To design ways for us all to get better faster than we do now.

The subfields of epidemiology make it possible to find areas of interest and expertise.

The subfields of epidemiology make it possible to find areas of interest and expertise. Public health is the field that studies the social, behavioral, and environmental factors that affect health status. Veterinary medicine is the study of animals in relation to their relationships with humans and other species within an ecosystem. Environmental epidemiology focuses on how environmental contaminants affect human health at different levels (physical, social or psychological). Clinical epidemiology deals with disease causation through studying associations between exposures and outcomes in populations without regard for causality; occupational health sciences investigate work-related injuries or illnesses as well as worker participation in occupational safety programs like OSHA standards or NIOSH guidelines for handling hazardous materials safely

Conclusion

Epidemiology is a subfield that can be pursued by anyone who is interested in the field. It can also be useful as a career path for those who want to study health issues beyond their own personal experiences or interests. There are several different areas of epidemiology, including public health and veterinary medicine. This blog post has provided an overview of these fields so you have an idea of what they entail before deciding on whether or not they’re right for you!