NUR 631 Topic 16 Final Exam (2 Versions)
NUR 631 Topic 16 Final Exam (2 Versions)
NUR 631 Final Exam Study Guide (Fall Session)
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Definitions/Descriptions
- Question: Describe the type of lesions found in psoriasis & seborrheic and actinic keratosis.
- Question: Describe the skin lesions found in Varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles).
- Question: Describe the pathogenetic mechanism of polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS).
- Question: Describe Hirschsprung’s disease.
- Question: Define marasmus and kwashiorkor.
- Question: Define deafferentation pain.
- Question: Describe myofascial pain syndrome.
- Question: Describe neuropathic pain.
- Question: Describe rticarial as seen in an allergic reaction.
- Question: What is a varicocele?
- Question: Describe the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis.
- Question: Describe Raynaud’s disease.
- Question: What medical term is used to identify an inflammatory disorder of the skin that is often considered synonymous with dermatitis and characterized by pruritus with lesions that have an indistinct border?
- Question: What is a painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis called?
- Question: Describe intestinal malrotation.
- Question: What is the medical term for a fungal infection of the nail plate?
NUR 631 Topic 16 Final Exam (2 Versions)
NUR 631 Topic 16 Final Exam (2 Versions)
Content Questions
- Question: What type of necrosis is … with wet gangrene?
- Question: After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This process is an example of hormonal_____________.
- Question: Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing compensatory___________.
- Question: Why is insulin … to treat hyperkalemia?
- Question: What 3 substances influence the calcium and phosphate balance in the body?
- Question: What is the risk for the recurrence of autosomal dominant diseases?
- Question: What cancer does human herpes virus (HHV) 8 cause?
- Question: The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?
- Question: How is chronic myelogenous leukemia … ?
- Question: How does obesity act as an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- Question: What does hypomethylation and the resulting effect on oncogenes result in?
- Question: Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
- Question: What causes meconium ileus?
- Question: Which cell is the body’s primary defense against parasitic invasion?
- Question: What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
- Question: Which antibody initially indicates a typical primary immune response?
- Question: During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
- Question: Tissue damage caused by the deposition of circulating immune complexes containing an antibody against the host DNA is the cause of which disease?
- Question: List 4 disorders which are … autoimmune.
- Question: Which organism is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection?
- Question: What does stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla cause secretion of?
- Question: What is the effect of increased secretions of epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone?
- Question: What disorder results from collection of fluid in the tunica vaginalis?
- Question: What is the most commonly reported symptom of cancer treatment?
- Question: Research has shown a link between cancer and which sexually transmitted disease?
- Question: What is the function of arachnoid villi?
- Question: What provides the collateral blood flow to the brain?
- Question: Dilation of the ipsilateral pupil, following herniation, is the result of pressure on which cranial nerve (CN)?
- Question: What is the central component of the pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis?
- Question: What hematologic disorder is … by the Philadelphia chromosome?
- Question: Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
- Question: What is diabetes insipidus the result of?
- Question: Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism?
- Question: What directly causes ovulation during the menstrual cycle?
- Question: What condition results from the rotation of a testis, which twists blood vessels of the spermatic cord?
- Question: Identify the functions of the following cranial nerves.
- Question: Which virus is a precursor for developing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer?
- Question: The risk of which cancer is greater if the man has a history of cryptorchidism?
- Question: Which age group should … targeted for testicular cancer education and screening?
- Question: Which organism is responsible for the development of syphilis?
- Question: Which is a characteristic lesion of secondary syphilis?
- Question: Which skin disorder results in an elevated, firm circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter?
- Question: What does celiac sprue cause?
- Question: Which substance is used to correct the chronic anemia … with chronic renal failure?
- Question: After a person has a subtotal gastrectomy for chronic gastritis, which type of anemia will result?
- Question: When considering hemolytic anemia, why does jaundice occur?
- Question: What type of cancer could HPV cause?
- Question: Hemophilia A is … to be what type of inherited disorder?
- Question: Which type of cancer could Helicobacter pylori cause?
- Question: In which type of pleural effusion does the fluid become watery and diffuse out of the capillaries as a result of increased blood pressure or decreased capillary oncotic pressure?
- Question: Which hormone is required for water to … reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
- Question: With which medical … is meconium ileus often … ?
- Question: What type of fracture occurs at a site of a preexisting bone abnormality is a result of a force that would not normally cause a fracture?
- Question: Considering the pathophysiologic process of osteoporosis, which hormone exerts antiapoptotic effects on osteoblasts but proapoptotic effects on osteoclasts?
- Question: Which disorder is … by the formation of abnormal new bone at an accelerated rate beginning with excessive resorption of spongy bone?
- Question: Which medical … as a chronic inflammatory joint disease … by stiffening and fusion of the spine and sacroiliac joints?
- Question: People with gout are at high risk for which co-morbid condition?
- Question: An insufficient dietary intake of which vitamin can lead to rickets in children?
- Question: Which virus is … with infectious mononucleosis?
- Question: Which protein, absent in muscle cells of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, mediates the anchoring of skeletal muscle fibers to the basement membrane?
- Question: What is the most common malignant bone tumor … during childhood?
- Question: Chickenpox (varicella) may be … years later by which disorder?
- Question: The staff member of a crowded day care center is a source for which bacterial infection?
- Question: Which of the following disorders has a mode of inheritance similar to hemophilia A?
- Question: Which organism could cause stomach cancer?
- Question: List 3 types/conditions of arteritis.
- Question: List 3 conditions jaundice could .. attributed to.
- Question: What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
- Question: What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections?
- Question: List 4 conditions that prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from.
- Question: In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in which location?
- Question: By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?
Clinical Scenarios
- Question: A patient presents with vomiting a coffee-ground looking substance; fatigue, postural hypotension; new onset systolic murmur; and cool, pale peripheries……….Using the information above, evaluate the lab findings (indicate low, normal, or high).
- Question: A person diagnosed with type 1 diabetes experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion. What is the most probable cause of these symptoms?
- Question: After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the results of which mechanism?
- Question: Klinefelter’s syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality with an XXY outcome. What does that mean for the patient?
- Question: On review of a patient’s X-ray, you discover punched out lesions. What disease is responsible?
- Question: Provide two examples of nutrition related anemia. Provide the correct medical terminology (size and shape). Include how you would evaluate a CBC for the findings of this type of anemia.
- Question: A patient is … with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which form of heart failure may result from pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance?
- Question: Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously … with Tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
- Question: What are the TLC, FEV1, and V/Q for silicosis (… normal).
- Question: A patient presents with right ventricular hypertrophy seen as a right axis deviation on the EKG and a loud systolic murmur heard at the left sternal border. What valve is the cause?
NUR 631 Topic 16 Final Exam (2 Versions)
NUR 631 Topic 16 Final Exam (2 Versions)
Final Exam Study Guide (Spring Session)
- Cellular biology and Alterations
- Genetics
- Fluid and Electrolytes and Acid-base
- Pulmonology
- Cardiovascular
- Endocrinology
- Neurology
- Gastroenterology
- Nephrology
- Urology
- Musculoskeletal
- Integumentary
- Oncology
- Hematology
- Infection
- Reproductive
Describe the type of lesions found in psoriasis & seborrheic and actinic keratosis
Introduction
Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the immune system and causes lesions on the skin. Lesions may be itchy and sore, but they are not typically painful. Psoriasis can affect any part of the body but most commonly affects the scalp, trunk, elbows and knees – these areas are also known as “targeted sites” because they are more easily visible to others than other areas like the palms or soles.
Describe the type of lesions found in psoriasis.
Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes red, scaly patches of skin to form on the body. These patches are often itchy and painful. They can also cause joints and muscles to swell. Although psoriasis is not contagious, it may be passed from person to person through direct contact with infected areas or by sharing clothes or towels with someone who has psoriasis (called “contagious”).
Psoriasis can be treated with creams and ointments that contain corticosteroids (steroids), calcineurin inhibitors (calcitriol), azelaic acid creams that reduce inflammation in your scalp and chest wall area, methotrexate injections if you have severe symptoms such as rashes on your face that last longer than two years; ultraviolet light therapy during pregnancy if you have moderate-to-severe symptoms; prescription strength oral medications called retinoids which slow down cell turnover and prevent new lesions from forming. You may also want to try natural treatments such as fish oil supplements or other nutritional supplements like vitamin D3 pills which help boost those good cholesterol levels!
Psoriasis lesions are characterised by well demarcated, red and scaly plaques.
Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, scaly, itchy patches. Lesions are well demarcated and can be flat or raised with scales that may form folds in the lesion’s surface. They have an irregular border with thinning of the epidermis at the edge of lesions.
Itchy skin lesions are often found on the elbows and knees of psoriatic patients
Scales are usually silver-grey or white – this is why psoriasis is sometimes referred to as a “silvery” disease.
Scales are usually silver-grey or white – this is why psoriasis is sometimes referred to as a “silvery” disease. They may have a scaly, red and scaly plaques that can extend over the scalp, chest and back.
The main feature of seborrheic keratosis is that it appears as small brown or black balls on the skin surface. They are well demarcated, firm (not soft), smooth in texture and about 1mm in diameter.
Seborrheic keratoses are not cancerous. They are benign skin lesions that do not spread or invade surrounding tissue. The majority of seborrheic keratoses will not develop into melanoma, the most dangerous form of skin cancer.
Lesions can be itchy and sore.
Some patients may experience itchiness and soreness in the lesions. The red, scaly, raised areas of psoriasis are often itchy and painful when touched. Lesions can also be itchy or sore due to friction from clothing rubbing against a lesion or from scratching at the skin over a lesion (which can lead to bacterial infections).
Some patients develop psoriatic arthritis as well; this condition involves inflammation of joints along with thickening of tissue in these joints, but does not involve damage to cartilage like rheumatoid arthritis does.[1]
They can develop anywhere but most commonly affect the scalp, trunk, elbows and knees.
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that causes redness, scaling and thickening of the skin. The most common areas affected by psoriasis are the scalp, trunk, elbows and knees.
Seborrheic dermatitis typically develops on the chest and back with flaking skin patches that may be greasy or crusty in appearance. It also commonly affects the scalp, eyebrows and eyelids. Actinic keratosis occurs when sun exposure damages cells in the top layer of your skin (epidermis), causing them to become abnormal over time.
Describe the type of lesions found in seborrheic keratosis.
The lesions found in seborrheic keratosis are of the same type as those found in seborrheic dermatitis. These include:
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Horn cysts. These are small, painful lesions that often look like a “stuck on” wart or mole. They can be found on the scalp, face, chest and back of hands. They usually occur in older adults but may also appear on children’s heads where they may be mistaken for a birthmark by parents who don’t know about their child’s condition.
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Sole-like appearance with raised edges (sclerotic). This makes it easy to mistake these lesions for warts rather than skin cancer which typically doesn’t have such raised edges (sclerotic). However they’re still not fungal infections because they’re caused by excessive exposure to UV light from the sun over many years–not just an infection from fungus spores!
Seborrheic keratoses (SK) are benign tumours of the skin that can take on many appearances.
Seborrheic keratoses (SK) are benign tumours of the skin that can take on many appearances. They may be irregularly shaped, wart-like growths or lesions that look like moles.
Seborrheic keratoses are brown or black spots on skin. They’re often found in people who have dry skin and hair follicles that produce too much sebum (a substance produced by glands). SKs generally don’t cause serious problems and do not need to be removed unless they become irritated or infected.
Lesions are characterised by horn cysts that have sole like appearance and are often described as looking like a “stuck-on” wart.
Lesions are characterised by horn cysts that have sole like appearance and are often described as looking like a “stuck-on” wart. Horn cysts are yellowish in colour, painless and can be removed by a dermatologist.
Horn cysts are a form of benign keratinous cyst that occur on the sole of the feet. They are characterised by horn-like projections and can be removed surgically by a dermatologist.
What are horn cysts? Horn cysts are a form of benign keratinous cyst that occur on the sole of the feet. They are characterised by horn-like projections and can be removed surgically by a dermatologist.
Describe the type of lesions found in actinic keratosis.
Actinic keratosis is a type of skin cancer that can occur on the outer layer of your skin. It’s usually caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun over many years, or it can be related to other factors such as high-intensity artificial rays and certain medicines used for treating psoriasis.
Actinic keratosis lesions are often small and flat, but may also be raised (raised). The lesion may appear red or brownish in color due to pigment buildup underneath it. It may itch or burn slightly when touched; however this sensation usually goes away within two weeks after treatment begins with topical medications applied directly onto these lesions several times daily until they disappear completely.
Actinic keratosis is usually caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolent light from the sun over many years.
Actinic keratosis is a pre-cancerous condition caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolent light from the sun over many years. It can also be caused by some medications, such as retinoids.
Actinic keratosis usually grows slowly and in small clusters that may not be noticeable at first glance. As time goes on, these lesions can become more numerous or spread out into other parts of your body (metastasize) if left untreated.
Learn to describe some common skin ailments
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that causes red patches of skin. The patches can occur on almost any part of the body, but most commonly they appear on the elbows, knees, back and scalp.
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a painful condition that affects around 1 million people in Britain alone. It causes stiffness in your joints and makes them more likely to give way under pressure.
Seborrheic keratosis (SK) develops when you have too many sebum glands that produce an oily substance called sebum which coats the skin surface like oil on frying pan when heated; this coating protects it from bacteria and other germs but prevents water loss through evaporation so sweat drips off easily into hair follicles rather than being absorbed into pores where it could help keep you cool during hot weather
Conclusion
Psoriasis, seborrheic keratosis and actinic keratosis are all common skin conditions. You can learn to describe some common skin ailments by reading this article.
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