Question 1(5 points)

 

At which phase(s) is it preferable to obtain chromosomes to prepare a karyotype?

Question 1 options:

early prophase

late telophase

anaphase

late anaphase or early telophase

late prophase or metaphase

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Question 2

(5 points)

Mitosis in humans usually results in the formation of _____.

Question 2 options:

2 diploid cells

4 diploid cells

2 haploid cells

4 haploid cells

Sperm or egg cells

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Question 3

(5 points)

If the cell whose nuclear material is shown in the figure continues toward completion of mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?

Question 3 options:

spindle fiber formation

nuclear envelope breakdown

synthesis of chromatids

cell membrane synthesis

formation of telophase nuclei

Question 4

(5 points)

A cell is arrested during mitosis. At this stage, distinct chromatids are visible at opposite poles of the cell. Which stage of mitosis does this describe?

Question 4 options:

Interphase

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Prophase

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Question 5

(5 points)

What is a cleavage furrow?

Question 5 options:

A ring of vesicles forming a cell plate

The separation of divided prokaryotes

A groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

The metaphase plate where chromosomes attach to the spindle

The space that is created between two chromatids during anaphase

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Question 6

(5 points)

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is ____.

Question 6 options:

diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

tetraploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

Question 7

(5 points)

During __________ of meiosis, sister chromatids are separated.

Question 7 options:

telophase I

anaphase I

anaphase II

prophase I

prophase II

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Question 8

(5 points)

A cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically different.

Question 8 options:

The statement is true for mitosis.

The statement is true for mitosis, meiosis I and meiosis II.

The statement is true for meiosis I.

The statement is true for meiosis II.

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Question 9

(5 points)

A animal cell has just completed telophase, which of the following would you expect to see?

Question 9 options:

An empty cell.

Individual chromatids separating.

Formation of vesicles at the metaphase plate.

The formation of two genetically identical cells.

Question 10

(5 points)

Four of the five answers listed below are related by a common phase of mitosis. Select the exception.

Question 10 options:

Nucleolus reappears

Chromosomes decondense

Chromosomes separate

Nuclear envelope re-forms

Spindle microtubules disappear

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Question 11

(5 points)

Four of the five answers listed below assist in chromosome movement. Select the exception.

Question 11 options:

Centromere

Spindle microtubules

Nuclear envelope

Kinetochores

Centriole

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Question 12

(5 points)

For Mendel’s explanation of inheritance to be correct, ________

Question 12 options:

genes could not be transmitted independently of each other.

only organisms with one copy of each chromosome would demonstrate inheritance patterns.

which gametes combine at fertilization had to be due to chance.

the genes for the traits he studied had to be located on the same chromosome.

Question 13

(5 points)

Assume that there are two alleles, R and r, that determine the flower color of a certain type of plant. Red (R) is dominant over white (r).

If the offspring of two heterozygous red-flowering plants are allowed to breed, the cross would result in _____________.

Question 13 options:

all red-flowered plants

both red-flowered and white-flowered plants

all white-flowered plants

all pink-flowered plants

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Question 14

(5 points)

What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?

Question 14 options:

A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents.

A monohybrid cross produces a single progeny, whereas a dihybrid cross produces two progeny.

A dihybrid cross involves two genes while a monohybrid cross involves only one.

A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations.

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Question 15

(5 points)

A man and a woman, both with brown eyes (Bb), has a child. What is the percentage change that the child will have blue eyes?

Question 15 options:

0%

25%

50%

100%

Question 16

(5 points)

An organism is described as Bb: blue.

The Bb is the organism’s [A] ____; blue is the organism’s [B] _____; and the organism is [C] _____.

Question 16 options:

[A] phenotype; [B] genotype; [C] sex linked

[A] karyotype; [B] hybrid; [C] recessive

[A] genotype; [B] phenotype; [C] heterozygous

[A] genotype; [B] phenotype; [C] homozygous

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Question 17

(5 points)

Why are males more often affected by sex-linked traits than females?

Question 17 options:

Females have two Y chromosomes

Males only have one X chromosome.

Males have two X chromosomes

Females only have one Y chromosome

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Question 18

(5 points)

Which of the following statements about autosomes is true? Select all that apply

Question 18 options:

Autosomes determine gender.

Autosomes vary between males and females.

Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes

The members of each pair of autosomes are highly similar in their length, shape, and the genes located on it.

Question 20

(5 points)

Which of the following statements about blood type if correct?

Question 20 options:

Blood type A is dominant over blood type B in humans

The inheritance of blood type in humans is an example of codominace

Blood type B is dominant over blood type A in humans

Individuals with an AB genotype are homozygous for the blood type trait

BIOL 101 – At which phase(s) is it preferable to obtain chromosomes to prepare a karyotype

 

 

MORE INFO 

Obtaining chromosomes to prepare a karyotype

Introduction

Karyotyping is the process of obtaining chromosomes from cells in order to prepare a karyotype. The most common reason for performing this procedure is to determine if there’s an abnormality in the number or structure of chromosomes. This can be useful when diagnosing rare genetic disorders or when it comes to determining if cancer has spread elsewhere in your body.

A sample of cells is obtained from a patient.

• How to obtain a sample of cells from a patient:

• A sample of cells is obtained by gently scraping a small amount of tissue, such as skin or blood, using sterile instruments.

• What kind of sample is needed?

• For example: blood, bone marrow aspirate (the first liquid extracted from bone marrow), bone marrow aspirate followed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), peripheral blood mononuclear cells followed by other cell types including platelets if necessary.

The cells are cultured so they can divide by mitosis.

To prepare the cells for cell division and to allow them to grow, they are cultured in a solution that allows them to divide. This is called culture medium or culture media. The cells need nutrients from their environment in order to grow and divide. The nutrients are provided by adding some other substance called growth factors which help the cells grow faster than normal without dying out completely like most human organs do when not given enough oxygen or nutrients (which would cause organ failure).

The chromosomes are spread out by dropping the cell onto a cold, hard surface that causes the cell to burst and its chromosomes to spread in a process called hypotonic shock.

The cells are placed in a hypotonic solution. This causes the cell to swell, burst and distribute its chromosomes in a process called hypotonic shock. The chromosomes then become spread out on a glass slide by using gentle pressure with a micropipet or small needle. They will stain positively if they are present on the slide and negatively if they are absent from it (as would be expected).

The chromosomes are treated with a special stain that makes them easy to see.

The chromosomes are treated with a special stain that makes them easy to see. The stain is called Giemsa, and it works by making the DNA in the nucleus of the cell more visible. There are other stains available for different purposes, such as to detect certain types of cancer or blood diseaseslike sickle cell anemia (where red blood cells have been damaged).

The chromosomes are lined up by size and centromere position, and the result is photographed for analysis.

The chromosomes are lined up by size and centromere position, and the result is photographed for analysis.

This step involves using a microscope to take pictures of each chromosome. The images are then analyzed by computer software that compares them to one another and identifies any abnormalities.

Obtaining chromosomes from cells in order to prepare a karyotype can be done using specific techniques that yield information about diseases or genetic disorders.

Karyotyping is the process of obtaining chromosomes from cells in order to prepare a karyotype. This allows you to determine if there are any abnormalities or genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome. It also allows you to identify whether someone is male or female, and if they’re related. Karyotyping can also be used for paternity testing if there’s an unknown father on record for your child’s birth certificate, so that he/she knows who their other parent(s) are before making any decisions about parenthood (for example: choosing whether or not

to start IVF).

Conclusion

One of the main benefits of obtaining chromosomal material is that it provides an opportunity to study how an individual’s genes are expressed in vivo. By providing information on the relationship between chromosomes and genes, this type of testing can be used for genetic counseling purposes or as part of a process by which individuals decide if they want to undergo surgery or other interventions related to their diseases. Another benefit is that it allows doctors to use their knowledge about genetics to treat patients who have genetic disorders or other conditions without having complete knowledge about those conditions themselves because they do not have access like others do.