NR 503 DeVry Week 2 Discussion Paper NR 503 DeVry Week 2 Discussion Paper NR503 ? NR 503 DeVry Week 2 Discussion 1 Latest Discussion Part One (graded) Shelby is a 32-year-old mother of two, who has smoked 1 pack-per-day for the last 15 years, and who comes to see you today for her yearly well-woman exam in your family practice clinic. She has a family history, in a single paternal grandmother of breast cancer at age 52. She also has a history of an abnormal cervical cancer screening three years ago requiring colposcopy. Given her history please consider the following: Choose one screening test that might be considered either now or in the next few years of Shelbys care. Define the test, its positive predictive value, reliability and validity. NR 503 DeVry Week 2 Discussion 2 Latest Discussion Part Two (graded) Upon the course of your history you find out that Shelby has a great aunt on her mothers side who died of ?some woman cancer in her stomach and an uncle on her fathers side who died of pancreatic cancer. Her mother and older sisters are all in good health. Does this information change your recommendations for screening? Why or why not? NR 503 DeVry Week 2 Discussion 3 Latest Discussion Part Three (graded) Please provide a summary of the case or information you have discussed this week. CLICK HERE TO ORDER YOUR NR 503 DeVry Week 2 Discussion Paper NR 503 Key Concepts Worksheet Details: Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to identify key concepts in epidemiology that will assist the student in understanding the purpose of epidemiology as it relates to clinical practice, surveillance and prevention of disease, and healthcare research. You will work on building a foundation of definitions and an understanding of how they apply to monitoring disease in populations. Course Outcomes Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to: (CO#1) Define key terms in epidemiology, community health, and population-based research. Due Date: Sunday 11:59 p.m. (MT) at the end of Week 1 Total Points Possible: 50 Requirements: 1. Complete the Epidemiological Key Concepts Worksheet. 2. For each question identify the correct answer and cite the source used to answer the questions 3. Submit the worksheet to the DropBox by 11:59 p.m. MT Sunday of Week 1 Course Information Worksheet Prior to completing this worksheet, review the Week 1 lecture and reading assignments (Chapters 1-4 of your course text). Provide a complete answer to each question. Each question is worth 5 points. Please cite the source of each answer below the answer as in the example provided below. EXAMPLE:?Question: Modes of indirect common vehicle disease transmission include single exposure, multiple exposures, and continuous exposure. Source: Gordis, L. (2014). Epidemiology (5thed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. Chapter 2, p. 20. 1. Define Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary prevention. 2. True or False: Prevention and treatment of a single specific disease are exclusive activities that do not occur together when providing care to a patient. 3. The ________________ Concept is important because in counting incidence and prevalence of disease it is not sufficient to count only clinically apparent cases, but those who are asymptomatic or exposed without infection. 4. Please define the following: Clinical Disease ? Preclinical Disease ? Subclinical Disease ? Persistent (Chronic) Disease ? Latent Disease ? 5. Match the following terms with their definition: ____ Pandemic A. Habitual presence of a disease within a geographic area. ____ Endemic B. Occurrence of a disease in a community/geographic area in excess of normal expectancy. ____ Common-Vehicle Exposure C. Resistance of a group of people to a disease because a large portion of the population is immune. ____ Epidemic D. An excessive occurrence of disease present globally. ____ Herd Immunity E. When a group of people are exposed to a substance or organism that causes common illness. 6. What is the one medical advance that is associated with the Black Death in Europe in the late 1300s? 7. This is a two part question: A. Define, through a fractional representation, what attack rate is. B. After a large wedding reception several people develop symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. It appeared to be tied to eating a specific seafood salad sered. Using the following 2 by 2 table, numerically represent the attack rate for wedding attendees who ate the seafood salad Ate Seafood Salad Did not eat Seafood Salad Gastroenteritis symptoms 72 15 No gastroenteritis symptoms 24 135 8. Define the following: active surveillance, passive surveillance, incidence rate, and prevalence rate. 9. There are two parts to this question: A. What are two reasons that the prevalence rate of a disease I a community could decrease? B. What are age-adjusted death rates used for? 10. Name and define at least two measures of mortality as fractional representations. 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;

Define clinical disease

Introduction

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by the mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. Tuberculosis can be treated with antibiotics, though it often requires many months of treatment.

Clinical disease

Clinical disease is the presence of symptoms. It’s a sign that your body is fighting an infection or that you’ve been infected with something (a bacteria, virus, etc.). The clinical disease can be caused by many things:

• Infection from bacteria or viruses

• Inflammation caused by allergies or asthma

• Psychological stressors such as mental illness

Latent TB

Latent TB is a non-infectious form of Tuberculosis. It causes damage to the lungs, but does not cause active TB disease.

Latent TB can occur at any time in a person’s life and lasts for years or decades before developing into active disease (TB). Latent tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which infects macrophages (white blood cells) and other immune cells in the lungs. The bacteria persist in these cells until they are destroyed by immunological action against them or their DNA fragments become resistant to antibiotics used for treatment of active tuberculosis infection (1).

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs and other organs. It can be spread through droplets from an infected person’s cough, sneeze or spitting. TB bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics, so doctors often prescribe drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin to treat it.

The US Center for Disease Control has reported a record number of cases in recent years – 1 million Americans were diagnosed with active TB in 2016 alone – but we’re still making progress when it comes to preventing this disease from spreading.”

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes or spits.

The bacterium can also be spread through contact with body fluids of someone with active TB disease including blood or sputum from coughing or talking too much during an illness.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is most commonly transmitted via droplet nuclei from an infectious person

According to the CDC, tuberculosis can be transmitted through droplet nuclei from an infectious person. Droplet nuclei are microscopic droplets of mucus that are expelled from the respiratory tract during coughing or sneezing. These droplets can travel up to three feet in diameter and remain suspended in the air for several hours before falling back to earth as a fine mist on which organisms (like M. tuberculosis) can grow if they land on an exposed surface like skin or clothing.

If you have been exposed to someone who has active tuberculosis, it’s important that you call your doctor right away so they can take precautions against infection—and so you can get tested if necessary too!

The pathogens are deposited in the airways of the host where they are engulfed by macrophages and taken up in to the phagolysosome.

In the airways of the host, pathogens are deposited by exfoliation from the epithelium. The pathogens are engulfed by macrophages and taken up in to the phagolysosome. The phagolysosome then undergoes a phase change from a liquid to an acidic vesicle due to hydrolysis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules released from lysosomes. This pH drop results in lysis of bacterial membranes, releasing cytoplasmic contents that include bacteria themselves as well as enzymes used by bacteria against their hosts’ immune system cells.

Within the phagolysosome the bacteria are able to survive and replicate.

Within the phagolysosome, bacteria replicate and survive.

The bacteria are able to replicate in the phagolysosome because they have developed a way of protecting themselves from attack by host cells.

Macrophages attempt to destroy the bacteria in the macrophage, however this causes damage to infected cells and leads to cell death by necrosis.

When bacteria enter the body, they are taken up by phagocytic cells called macrophages. The macrophages attempt to destroy the bacteria by engulfing them and releasing chemicals that kill them. This process causes damage to infected cells and leads to cell death by necrosis.

This is a normal immune response where immune cells recognize foreign substances as nonself (not self) and initiate an inflammatory response against those foreign substances in order for your body to fight off infections or disease.

Infected macrophages form granulomas which are a collection of macrophages and lymphocytes that form around a necrotic centre with limited bacterial growth

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. It can be spread through the air when people who have tuberculosis cough, sneeze, or spit. Bacteria enter the body through any open wound or mucous membrane like your nose and mouth. If a person has not been infected with TB before then they may not know they have it until they start feeling sick or develop a cough that lasts more than 2 weeks.

If you think someone in your family might have tuberculosis then contact a doctor immediately as this will help them get treatment sooner rather than later!

It is believed that once organisms spread from bacilli, local immunity then controls disease progression by limiting tuberculous growth, but without eliminating it completely

When local immunity controls disease progression, it limits tuberculous growth. However, without eliminating the infection completely, the organism will still be present and infectious.

In this controlled state, known as latent TB infection, reactivation can occur at any time if the immune system fails for some reason.

In this controlled state, known as latent TB infection, reactivation can occur at any time if the immune system fails for some reason. In fact, it’s estimated that one out of five people who test positive for TB are actually infected with another form of the disease called smear-positive TB—a condition in which a person has developed antibodies but does not have active disease.

The bacteria can reactivate and start to grow again, causing symptoms like cough and fever that may lead you to visit your doctor’s office or urgent care center. If left untreated (which is often what happens), this type of infection can spread throughout your body and cause serious illness or death depending on how long it goes untreated before being diagnosed by medical professionals with specialized knowledge in treating this type of ailment.

When people have latent TB infection, they have no symptoms, do not feel sick, cannot spread TB bacteria to others, and do not need treatment for latent TB infection.

Latent TB infection is a normal part of life. It does not cause symptoms and it cannot spread TB bacteria to others. People with latent TB infection do not need treatment for latent TB infection because they have no signs or symptoms of active disease.

Conclusion

There is no treatment for latent TB infection. However, people with latent TB infection should be retested in the future if they are at a high risk of developing active disease. If someone has been diagnosed with latent TB infection, it is very important to tell all your close contacts about your diagnosis and make sure that they have been tested for TB as well.