Define epigenetics assignment

1. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell?

2. Draw a eukaryote cell. Label and give the function of its main parts.

3. What is a somatic cell?

4. What is a sex cell called?

5. What is meant by ‘genome’?

6. What does it mean when we say that every organism’s DNA is homoplasmic?

7. What structures in DNA turn food molecules into ATP, the high-energy molecule that powers cells and in turn, powers every tissue in the body?

8. Why is DNA considered to be the body’s ‘genetic code’ or the ‘blueprint for life’?

9. What is a chromosome? During which process do chromosomes appear?

10. In somatic cells chromosomes occur in homologous pairs. One is the maternal chromosome and contains the DNA or genetic information from the mother, the other is the ___________chromosome and contains the DNA from the _________.

11. Within each chromosome, DNA molecules form a sequence or code that is a template for the production of a protein, or part of a protein. Each protein has a specific function, and collectively proteins determine all physical characteristics and govern the functions of all ________, ________ and organs in the body.

12. Each protein generating code is a gene. The complete set of genes is called the ________.

13. Where in a cell is its DNA?

14. “The genetic code, DNA, is universal.” Explain

15. On a separate page:

a. Draw a DNA molecule and label the parts

b. Draw and label a nucleotide.

16. How does a DNA molecule replicate itself? Describe and draw the process.

17. How do somatic cells replicate themselves? Describe (or draw) the process.

18. Which cells divide through meiosis? Describe (or draw) the process of meiosis.

19. What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?

20. What can go wrong during meiosis?

21. Study Figure 3.14.

Which of Gregor Mendel’s laws does it demonstrate?

What does the Punnett Square demonstrate?Define epigenetics assignment

Understand figures a and b thoroughly enough to explain it to the class.

22. ‘Linkage’ is an exception to Mendel’s second law. How does linkage work?

23. Chromosomes come in pairs. All normal human somatic cells have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. How many pairs are there in all?

24. To function normally each human cell has to have both members of each chromosome pair, with a total of how many chromosomes?

25. What can happen if a fetus doesn’t have the correct number of chromosomes?

26. Offspring inherit one member of each chromosomal pair from the father and one from the _______.

27. Are partner chromosomes genetically identical? Explain

28. What is a karyotype?

29. Does the genetic information carried by chromosome partners govern the same or different traits?

30. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a somatic cell (diploid)?

31. How many chromosomes are there in a gamete (sex cell) (haploid)?

32. What is the female’s gamete called? What is the father’s gamete called?

33. Every female gamete has an x chromosome. Where does the zygote get the second pair of that chromosome? What two possible chromosomes can it get?

34. What would happen if the sex cell was diploid?

35. Two gametes come together to make a __________.

36. How do regulatory genes differ from structural genes?

37. Along every chromosome, specific genes have specific physical locations, called a ______________.

38. Alleles, the subunits of a gene, are different chemical structures at the same locus – chemically alternative versions of the same gene.

39. The two alleles at any one genetic locus can be chemically identical, or chemically different. They identify the genotype. What is meant by genotype?

40. Mendel’s 1st Law, the Law of Segregation says that mother and father contribute equally to an offspring’s genetic makeup. For each gene the offspring have one allele from the mother and one from the father. These 2 alleles can be chemically the same – homozygous – or chemically different – ___________.

41. How many daughter cells – gametes – does meiosis produce?

42. Each of the daughter cells produced by meiosis has only one set of chromosomes, not pairs. Is it haploid or diploid? Define epigenetics assignment

43. Every gamete, having this one set, can pass on only one allele for each gene. Say the gamete that the father contributes has the allele for brown hair (dominant), and the allele from the mother is for red (recessive), what color hair will the offspring have? Make a Punnett Square to figure this out.

44. Look at Figure 3.21 on page 64. Why are all the first generation flowers red? Why does the white color reappear in the second generation?

45. When alleles are heterozygous, the dominant one will be expressed in the ___________.

The recessive gene will not be expressed. The phenotype is the visible manifestation of the gene.

People who have the genotype AA or AO have the same phenotype. What is the phenotype?

46. Sharon’s blood type is A. Do you know what her genotype is? What two genotypes could she have?

47. What has to be the case for a recessive allele to be expressed?

48. What is meant by two alleles being codominant? Which allele is expressed if two alleles are codominant? If someone has type AB blood what is that person’s phenotype and genotype.

49. Genetics is complex, genes don’t match simply to traits. Some genes are polygenic.

What is meant by polygenic? What is pleiotropy?

50. In humans, thousands of complex phenotypes, such as birth weight, height, skin color, head form, tooth size and eye shape, have multiple genetic components and are influenced by what other kind of factors?

51. Environmental factors that affect a mother can also affect her developing fetus. If the fetus is female, the developing ova may also be affected so that environmental factors operating at a fixed point in time can affect the health and well-being of subsequent generations.

52. What is a simple definition of epigenetics?

53. From conception, ‘epigenetic’ mechanisms within cells may be activated by a variety of behavioral and environmental factors. What are some of these? Define epigenetics assignment

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION;

Define epigenetics

Introduction

Epigenetics is the study of changes in genome function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence. It includes mechanisms that switch genes on and off, as well as heritable effects on gene expression. Epigenetic processes are known to be involved in the growth of tumors, developmental timing and memory formation. For example, when we learn new skills, memories form. It is believed that this is due to epigenetic regulation of synaptic plasticity. This process may be disrupted in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or certain genetic disorders. Epigenetics can play role in how our life experiences shape who we are. Experiences such as stress during childhood can cause epigenetic changes that have profound effects on our future health

Epigenetics is the study of changes in genome function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence.

Epigenetics is the study of changes in genome function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence. It refers to the transmission of information from one generation to another through environmental influences, such as diet or stress.

DNA, which is located within our cells and contains all of our genes, acts as the blueprint for life—it dictates how genes are expressed and what traits we inherit from our parents. Epigenetics refers specifically to changes made by chemicals called “epi-marks” on DNA molecules that influence gene expression but do not affect their genetic code in other words: they don’t affect whether or not we have eyes!

It includes mechanisms that switch genes on and off, as well as heritable effects on gene expression.

Epigenetic regulation occurs at multiple levels, including DNA methylation (the addition of a chemical tag onto cytosine bases), histone modification (where proteins alter the structure of chromatin) and microRNA regulation (where RNA transcripts regulate target genes). These processes can be inherited by progeny through both maternal and paternal lines; however they are predominantly maternally transmitted because they involve parent-to-offspring relationships rather than direct inheritance from parent to offspring.

Epigenetic processes are known to be involved in the growth of tumors, developmental timing and memory formation.

Epigenetics is the study of how gene expression is regulated in cells and organisms. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression refers to changes in gene expression that occur without changes in DNA sequences, including alterations in histone proteins and DNA methylation. These mechanisms may be due to alterations in chromatin structure or modifications such as acetylation on nuclear targets.

Epigenetic changes are known to be involved in the growth of tumors, developmental timing and memory formation; however there has been little research into their role during normal development (Bartlett & Muldoon 2006).

For example, when we learn new skills, memories form.

Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetic processes are involved in the growth of tumors, developmental timing and memory formation.

For example, when we learn new skills, memories form. This can be seen as an example of how epigenetics can play role in how our life experiences shape who we are.

It is believed that this is due to epigenetic regulation of synaptic plasticity.

Synaptic plasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change the strength of connections between neurons. This can occur in response to learning and memory, or due to environmental factors such as stress or drugs.

It is believed that this is due to epigenetic regulation of synaptic plasticity. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that do not involve mutations but are determined by environmental factors like diet and lifestyle (e.g., smoking). Epigenetic modifications affect how genes express themselves, which affects our health over time; therefore this term can be used interchangeably with “epigenetic” when referring specifically about these types of changes caused by external stimuli rather than genetics alone

This process may be disrupted in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or certain genetic disorders.

Epigenetics is a process by which your genes do not necessarily stay the same as you grow and develop. It may be disrupted in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or certain genetic disorders.

Epigenetic alterations can lead to changes in the way our bodies look, feel, think and behave. For example, if a parent has an ASD child with low levels of serotonin a chemical that helps regulate moods their own brain chemistry could eventually become altered too. This can cause problems such as depression or anxiety because it affects how well they communicate with others.

Epigenetics can play role in how our life experiences shape who we are.

Epigenetics is the study of changes in genome function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence. It includes mechanisms that switch genes on and off, as well as heritable effects on gene expression. These changes can occur at any point in your life, from conception to birth and beyond, so it’s important to understand how they affect you today so you can make informed decisions about how you want your life experience to shape who you are tomorrow.

Experiences such as stress during childhood can cause epigenetic changes that have profound effects on our future health.

Epigenetics is a field of science that deals with the study of how an organism’s environment can alter its gene expression. It’s been known for some time that stress and other external factors can cause changes in DNA, but recent studies have shown that these epigenetic changes can also be passed down to our children.

For example, researchers at the University of California San Diego found that mothers who were pregnant during one period in their lives had higher levels of cortisol (the hormone responsible for stressful situations) than women who weren’t pregnant then or were still pregnant when they were stressed out later on. Their children also had higher levels of cortisol at birth compared with other babies’ cortisol levels at birth and those elevated cortisol levels continued through childhood!

Epigenetics is more than just genetics.

Epigenetics is more than just genetics. Epigenetics is the study of how our genes are turned on and off, methylated, acetylated, and otherwise modified. It’s a dynamic process that occurs in response to environmental factors like diet or stress levels.

Epigenetics can have an impact on physical health as well as mental wellbeing and it’s becoming increasingly clear that epigenetic changes may play a role in why some people respond better to certain medications than others do (or vice versa).

Conclusion

Epigenetics is the study of changes in genome function that do not involve a change in DNA sequence. These changes are known as epigenetic events and can be passed from parent to child. Epigenetics plays an important role in the growth of tumors, developmental timing and memory formation. For example, when we learn new skills, memories form. It is believed that this is due to epigenetic regulation of synaptic plasticity. This process may be disrupted in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or certain genetic disorders..

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Define epigenetics